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Showing posts with label bhagavad gita. Show all posts
Showing posts with label bhagavad gita. Show all posts

Monday, 31 October 2016

Advice - Sanskrit Chants - Newsletter from Srivatsa Ramaswami November 2016

Posted on October 31, 2016 by ravi
NOTE: Not a huge fan of chanting but one of the great pleasures of attending Ramaswami's workshops, intensives or TT's is lying in savasana after a three hour practice (asana, pranayama, pratyahara, japa meditation) listening to him chant, either from memory of from the little chant book he seems to take with him everywhere. At LMU we practiced in a cavanous dance studio and Ramaswami's voice, so soft during his asana instruction, would resound around the space, it's something I'll never forget. I recorded a couple of these savasana chants and often play them still when 'taking rest' at home, I've even played them on a couple of the workshops I've had the opportunity to offer myself. Many of these chants are now available on youtube, Ramaswami lists a few of them in the second half of this newsletter.

See also this page of Ramaswami's for some excellent chant tutorials http://vinyasakrama.com/Chants

Also this earlier post with Ramaswami's Chanting the yoga sutras video
http://grimmly2007.blogspot.jp/2013/10/how-to-chant-yoga-sutras-ramaswamis.html


Ramaswami chanting with his teacher Krishnamacharya.


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Advice - Sanskrit Chants  -  Newsletter from Srivatsa Ramaswami November 2016

In October I completed teaching a 100 hr Vinyasakrama Yoga TT program in Madrid Spain. it was organized by Blanca San Roman of Dhara Yoga. There was  good participation from very talented dedicated yogis from different parts of Europe including different cities of Spain, Germany Switzerland, Bosnia, Luxembourg, Italy, UK, and also from Japan in East, Chile in West and Russia in North.

See this post for videos from the course
http://grimmly2007.blogspot.jp/2016/10/videos-krishnamacharyas-shoulderstand.html

For 2017 I have a few programs firmed up. Firstly in early January (from Jan 2  for 10 days) I will be teaching a 50 hour program "Bhagavatgita for Yoga Practitioners" at Yoga Vahini in Chennai. Then in January I will be teaching a 33 hour Core Vinyasakrama program with Pranayama and Dharana at Omyoga in Vasant Vihar in New Delhi.(Jan 25 to 30th). In Feb/March I will be teaching a 100 hr Vinyasakrama TT program at Yoga Vahini in Chennai . It starts on Feb 15th and runs for 15 days.  Then in March/April I will be doing the 100 hr Vinyasakrama TT program at The Yoga Institute, Sydney, Australia. For more details and links please use the following link in my website

www.vinyasakrama.com/Events

I am also likely to teach a 3 day 15 hour program in Samkhya Karika between Sep 15 to 17 at Chicago Yoga center in Chicago. In July/August I may teach a 50 hr Bhagavatgita for Yoga Practitionersand a 20 hour Core Vinyasakrama Asana program  at LMU, Los Angeles. Then I may teach a 100 hr Vinyasakrama Yoga program at OneYoga, Montreal in Canada. I will add the particulars in my website when these are finalized shortly


Advice

All through our lives  we freely receive and give advice. As a child the concerned parents advise the youngster to avoid bad company, study well, take care of health eat properly etc, As a youth one would receive advice from parents and well wishers and teachers, not to smoke or drink or take prohibited drugs etc, As an adult the spouse becomes the advisor in chief. Then friends, supervisors advise us on many matters. In certain situations one may seek professional advice, expect good healthy advice from doctors and advice of expediency from lawyers. When one becomes old, one's own grown up children become advisors in chief. Scriptures or dharma shastras contain advice about how one should face different situations in life according to the rules of dharma. They even advise what one should do in case conflicting dharmas (dharma sankata) like what to say when what one says may violate either of the two dharmas like satya and ahimsa. There is a well known commencement address (anusasana) by the vedic rishi to his graduating students (antevasai). In it he advises his students to follow some principles (dharmas) all through their life. Speak the Truth, follow the dharma, svadharma (duties) Never stop studying the scriptures never deviate from the paths of Truth, one's own dharma, or from the duties to devas and pitrus. Your mother, father, preceptor and guests should be treated with highest respect should be worshipped. And a few more like what one should do when in a dilemma.

But then sometimes ordinary advice may not be sufficient especially when one is emotionally strained, like what happened to Arjuna in the famous epic Mahabharata. Lord Krishna's advice running to hundreds of slokas is touted as the greatest and most comprehensive and exhaustive advice. Arjuna had two problems. One that was emotional and  other the  inability to decide what is the right dharma. All of us have similar comparable situations in our lives albeit rarely. Sri Krishna's approach to make Arjuna do what was right or what was the right dharma or duty, has become a framework for one to deal with such a conflict in life.

Arjuna found it difficult to bring himself up to fighting and most likely killing his own grandfather and teacher--who were in the opposite camp-- whom he loved and respected most. Except for a few, most of us would avoid a conflict even if dharma is on our side. Secondly even though there is no love lost between his clan and the opposing Kauravas, they were still his cousins, kith and kin. And this could also disturb ordinary minds even if the opponents are crooks and adharmic but happen to be relatives relatives. Avoid conflicts at all costs is the advice  one may usually get

What did Krishna do? What advice did he give Arjuna? He told Arjuna that he had no choice except to fight. What were the main reasons he gave him to pull himself up and fight the battle of Kurukshetra?

Here is a paerial  list the main arguments put forward by Krishna. He said that for a warrior (Kshatriya) this unwanted situation created by the Kauravas is the best that can happen to Arjuna a kshatria belonging to the warrior community-- fighting a just war (dharma Yuddha). If he wins he will, with his brothers, and family  rule a prosperous country. On the other hand if he loses and dies in the war he will reach the exalted heaven of warriors (Vira swarga). On the other hand if he would refuse to fight he would be a deserter and there is nothing more despicable than running away from the battlefield for a warrior and discharging one's duties (swadharma). Then if he runs away from the battlefield for whatever reason his reputation as a great warrior would nosedive and history will paint him as a coward. Since death is certain for anyone who is born, by avoiding the war he will not be making his teacher and grandfather live for ever. They will die in due course in spite of his sparing them. Further his bothers , their families. and a number of kings from other countries who have become his allies would be destroyed and he would be betraying all of them and they would be exposed to the fury of the Kauravas. And so on

But looking at these reasoned arguments one may say that it is a great advice but nothing extraordinary. Almost any wise person would give this kind of reasoned advice. A high school football coach may be able to motivate his wards on these lines. Then what is unique about Krishna's advice.

The Lord brings the spiritual aspect of his teaching right in the beginning. He makes it the central theme of his upadesa.  The above mentioned motivational talks may work but Krishna starts by telling Arjuna about the nature of the real Self.  Even before giving the above arguments he starts by saying that really the self which is pure unwavering consciousness is the one that should be called as "I" and is the one that experiences all that one experiences as a child, in youth, in old age and then the same atman or self takes a new birth. Thus when one is killed in a battle the atman of neither the killer nor the one that is slayed is affected at all. Krishna advises Arjuna to keep in mind this truth about oneself. He says "I, you, all these people in the battlefield have ever existed and will never cease to exist." Keeping this fact in mind that the real self is immortal do your duty "yogasta kuru karmani". Of course it takes lot more factors in his upadesa to Arjuna, but all of the advices will fall flat without legs to stand without this central theme of Krishna's advice.

This is the central theme of all upanishads-- that the true Self in all of us is immortal. it is the theme of Yoga Sutras and also Samkhya. Even though many know the upanishads and other subjects for most it is just an academic pursuit, and seldom one relates to the Atman as the real Self.  Krishna has chosen to make this the central theme of his important advice to ordinary non scholarly lay person like Arjuna--like all of us. Can one imagine advising a person in distress or confusion how one should perform one's duties remembering all the time the true nature of oneself?

It requires the Lord to do that.

Sankara in his commentary writes at the commencement of the Lord's upadesa in II chapter

"Now finding no means other than Self-knowledge for the
deliverance of Arjuna who was thus confounded as to his duty
and was deeply plunged in the mighty ocean of grief, Lord
Vasudeva who wished to help him out of it introduced him to
Self-knowledge in the following words"


*****************


Sanskrit Chants

 I have been writing about the recording pf my chants several times. Now I find that many of those chants are uploaded n Youtube by my producer through an agent, Aditya Musicals. Here are the details about some of them that I was able to locate. These, more than 20 titles were recorded during a 15 year period from 1980 to 1995. Hpe yu like some of them.

GANESA SAHASRANAMA
Some associate Mondays and Fridays with Ganesa Worship. Here is Ganesa Sahasranama stotra from I think Ganesa Purana. It contains 1000 names of Ganesa the beloved elephant faced deity worshiped all over India in the form of sthuti slokas (devotional verses). This was recorded more than 30 years back. Here is the link

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5zVKVw-l9g


MOOKAPANCHASATI
One of my favorite chants is Mookapanchasati. It consists of 500 slokas or verses in unusual Sanskrit meters. It is said to be the out pouring of devotion and high poetry from a dumb devotee who was able to speak due to the grace of Goddess Kamakshi whose beautiful temple is in the midst of the temple city Kancheepuram some 40 miles from Chennai, India. It consists of 500 verses divided into 5 chapters of 100 verses each. Mookapanchasati consisting of 500 mouthful verses takes about 3 hrs to chant. Here is my chanting of Mokapanchasati recorded some 30 years back by Sangeetha. Maybe you would like to listen to a few slokas


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frhy4wxb7xo

SUNDARA KANDA ALBUM
Sundara Kanda is an important section of the great epic Ramayana. It beautifully explains the story of Anjaneya/Hanuman's mission to discover Sri Sita in Lanka. Sundara means beauty, it also refers to Hanuman as fondly addressed by his mother. It is a story of hope from an utterly hopeless situation as Sri sita found herself. It is a little less than 3000 verses and is chanted at specific occasions either in one go or in spread over in about a week. More than 20 years ago I chanted the entire Sundarakanda which was recorded and marketed by Sangeetha. I find that the whole Sundarakana is now on Youtube. Maybe you would like to listen to it or a portion. It is in about 27 videos and runds for about 10 hrs total.

Here is the link to the playlist.

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTsmj2RTovAt0tkmTQlq78meZSywvKQBo

INDRAKSHI SIVA KAVACHAM
Here is a vedic chant I learnt from my Guru Sri Krishnamacharya. Sri Krishnamacharya spent a lot of time teaching me vedic chants. This one is the third chapter in Yajur Veda (Krishna). The video also contains a Sakti and Siva chant called "Indrakshi Siva Kavacham" very popular in sme parts of India especially Kerala. Hope you like it

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJ_2KH3Qk1M

TAITTIRIYA UPANISHAD
 Taittiriya upanishad is one of the 10 major upanishads. It is from Yajur Veda (Krishna). It is one of the most studied  and also the most chanted upanishad. I learnt to chant this upanishad from my Guru Sri Krishnamacharya. Here it is

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duDSneiU_uY

VISHNU SAHASRANAMA
 Mahabharata is an epic like the Ramayana. Like the Ramayana which has given us Sundara Khanda that cntains the exploits of Anjaneya, the Mahabharata is the host for two outstanding works, the philosophical Bhagavat Gita and devotional Vishnu Sahasranama. Both these works from Mahabharata are very alive and studied and chanted by thousands of people in India every day. Sankara says that one may chant Vishnu Sahasranama daily and also study the Gita. Here is my chanting of Vishnu Sahasranama-- the 1000 names of Lord Vishnu. The video also contains purusha suktam and Narayana suktam, Sankara's famous Bhaja Govindam and a short sweet chant on Rama called Sri Ramajayam a 2 minute chant one says before going to sleep.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtS5Fm1-mvM

LALITHA SAHASRANAMA
There are several forms of worship of different deities. Adi Sankara organized them into six major groups. One is Ganapatya or worship of Ganesa.  The second is called Kaumara or worship of Kumara also well kmnown as Muruga is South or Kartikeya and Subrahmanya. The third is Vaishnava or worship of Vishnu. Then we have Saiva or worship of Siva. Soura is worship of Surya or Sun and then we hav Saktha or worship of Mother Sakthi. Sankara came to be known as "  षण्मत स्थापनाचार्य ṣaṇmata sthāpanācārya" or one who established the six mathas or sects of worship.
There are many devoted to the worship of divine Mother Sakthi. The prayer "Lalitha sahasranama" or 1000 names of Lalitha another name of Goddess Sakthi is perhaps the most chanted prayer of Sakti. When I was young my mother used to have our family priest visit us every Friday and perform the Puja of Sakti with 1000 offerings of flowers etc to the Goddess. I used to look forward to Fridays because of the delicious offerings to the goddess towards the end of the puja which we children eat. Here is the chanting of the Lalitasahasranama from Markandeya Purana.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6yJVTYDcl0

ADITYA HRUDAYAM AND SVADHYAYA PRAKARANA
Today is Sunday, sun's day. I have been mentioning about Complete Suryanamaskara chant from Yajur veda on several Sundays. There is another well known sun chant called Aditya Hrudayam or Sun in the Heart. It is said to be taught to Sri Rama by sage Agastya and is a highlight of the Ramayana. It is a short sun prayer which is chanted by many in India in the morning before they go to work. This chant was recorded during the 1980s . This video also contains chanting of the second chapter of Taittiriya Aranyaka of Yajur veda. It is known as Kushmanda Homa and also as Svadhyaya prakarana. It extols the greatness of the famous Gayatri mantra ,a sun mantra.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8k917rod-w 


RAMODANTAM (Bala Ramayanam)
About 60/ 65 years back when I was in middle school, we were required to study three languages, Tamil, my mother toungue a very rich Dravidian language then English (or Indglish ) and thirdly either Hindi the national language / the majority language or Sanskrit. I chose Sanskrit. At that time a text calld Ramodantam used to be prescribed as a text. It is complete Ramayana absolutely abridged so that children can study and improve their vocabulary of Sanskrit and also get to know the great epic Ramayana. While Valmiki Ramayana is a very lengthy beautiful Kavya of about 24000 verses, this cute little work is about 200 verses.  I recorded this in the late eighties. I have it also as Bala Ramayana or Ramayana for children. Ramodanta would mean the life story of Rama. Rama+ut(d)+ anta Ut would refer to birth and anta the end



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUN4Qkk92ag



MAHANARAYANOPANISHAD
This is the last chapter of yajur Veda. It contains many mantras that are used on a daily basis like the pranyama mantra, Atmasuddhi mantra (Self Purificatin Mantras), pranahuti mantra (mantras used before taking food for the prper functining of the life forces r pranas) and others. This was recorded in early 1980s.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LmYkyzhQVE


SANDHYAVANDANAM
Thousands of people initiated  do sandhya daily three times a day, dawnm midday and dusk, This video  cntains all the mantras. In addition it also contains a fire ritual called samidhadhana performed by bachelors twice a day morning and evening.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kFRV8aVcI8


RAGHAVENDRA SAHASRANAMAVALI
Thosand names of the grest aint Swami Raghavendra

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi-w16ISsTQ


There are other videos floating around in the web

ASWAMEDHA (3 Hrs) from Yajurveda
DURGA SAHASRANAMAM
GAYATRI SAHASRANAMAM
SRI SUBRAHMANYA SAHASRANAMAVALI
DEVI MAHATMYA (3HRS)
SRI ANJANEYA SAHASRANAMAVALI


Read More
Posted in bhagavad gita, krishna, newsletters, Ramaswami, ramaswami chanting, Upanishads | No comments

Thursday, 30 June 2016

Pushpam Magazine Review issue 2 - Yoga magazine from Hamish Hendry and team, Ashtanga Yoga London

Posted on June 30, 2016 by ravi

1. Review
Pushpam magazine - Issue 2
Publisher - Hamish Hendry
Editor - Genny Wilkinson Priest
Creative Direction - Emma Hetherington and Matt Roach


You may have caught my Review/Look Inside of the first edition of Pushpam Magazine published by Certified Ashtanga teacher Hamish Hendry' of Ashtanga Yoga London. The Pushpam team has done an even better job with issue two from the content, the articles and photos, the paper and right down to the goodies that come tucked inside the frount and back cover.

Don't expect to find any How to get into an asana articles, this magazine is more of a support for practice than a how to manual. It's concerned with philosophy, with the yama and niyamas (which include Svadhyaya - self-study, inquiry, self-examination, reflection) as well as how to make a good spring broth. That said there is a section on Ashtanga and ageing or perhaps rather maturing in the practice.


There is a really nice extended interview with Hamish and Genny on Daniel Simpson's Yoga beyond Asana, a peek in ot the creative process behind the magazine.
http://www.danielsimpson.info/archive/pushpam-yoga-magazine-hamish-hendry
Sanskrit chart tucked inside the frount cover

An origami Ganesha. Included are two sheets of paper because obviously you don't have a Ganesh to overcome the obstacle of making the first one and may make a hash of it.

Contents.

I should point out that this issue's Sharath section is a quote and photo of his feet, there's no interview.

The In conversation - Two Certified teachers section is Hamish Hendry talking with Richard Freeman.

 In conversation - Two Certified teachers section is Hamish Hendry talking with Richard Freeman.

I wish this conversation with Richard was longer, the two teachers chatting is such a fine format. Much of the time they are talking about raising kids but at one point we get this wonderful exchange

RF: "There are a lot of students who aren't actually students...."
HH: "So you mean people often forget the reason why they are practicing?"
RF: " Oh I think all the time...."

How true.


As with the first issue, nice art and photographs throughout

Curiously, a financial health check for Teachers.

I particularly enjoyed this section on Ashtanga and the Autumn of Life, how practice matures ( I have my own page on this topic HERE). It's not just that you can perhaps no longer approach practice as you used to but that you begin to see it for the attachment it is (to advanced asana) and are more ready to let go. Joanne Darby was asked if she misses the practice she used to have ( She used to practice Primary, Intermediate and Advanced series in three hours every morning), no she says "I replace it with pranayama". Rolf Naujokat replies to the same question "Create a practice out of your understanding from what you have (already) learned in order to nourish your body-mind organism in a loving non-violent way" and remember he says "Everything comes and everything goes". The writer of the article and editor of the magazine, Genny Wilkinson Priest concludes the perfectly punctuated piece (in joke) with "For all these older practitioners, Ashtanga continues to support them and shape them they wouldn't dream of quitting and will go on practicing whatever form it takes". She quotes Pattabhi Jois: "Yoga is internal the rest is circus".



My only criticism here is that despite the ageing articles being about letting go of advanced asana the photos are of middle and advanced series asana. It was that reflection that made me realise I still had a fancy ankle grab Kapo as a blog header photo. Just as I've let go of my attachment to my Kapo it seemed a good time to promote the integrated approach to practice that has replaced somewhat the earlier asana madness.


There is a part 2 article on practice and ageing from Philippa Asher, I have a friend who is constantly mentioning what an excellent teacher Philippa is, she will be delighted to see this article from her teacher. here are a couple of quotes from Philipa's article.

"I now also know that the length of my practice in late thirties was too long. Before I was split between Advanced A And Advanced B, it took nearly three hours and i did not menstruate for three years. I should have told my teacher obviously. Ladies' holidays are important and if we women are not menstruating they need to explore why and then address the problem. The practice is all about finding optimum spiritual, physical and mental well-being".

"Growing older makes practice even more interesting."

"It may be possible to sustain my practice through my forties, but I'm guessing that with each subsequent decade I might be inclined to drop half a series".

The pushpam article is an abridgement of an article on Philippa's website
Musings About an Ashtanga Asana Practice from Twenty-something to Forty-something




Note: Manju Jois mentions that his father Pattabhi Jois originally taught three series (Primary, Intermediate and Advanced based on Krishnamacharya's primary middle and proficient groups of asana - see Yogasanagalu 1941) later the Advanced series was split into Advanced A and Advanced B as we can see in the original syllabus given to Nancy Gilgoff and David Williams in 1974 (http://grimmly2007.blogspot.jp/p/asana-lists.html), still later the Advanced series was split into 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th.

"The Advanced C and Advanced D series in Ashtanga yoga was initially part of the Advanced series. The Advanced series was later renamed the Advanced A & B series. To make the Advanced series more accessible, it was further broken down into the four Advanced series.
The order of the asanas in Advanced C and D has been known to change depending on when it was taught." Matthew Sweeney

There are so many good articles here to get your teeth into, a powerful, moving and at times harrowing article from Matthew Green stood out. Matthew a Falklands veteran and Vippassana practitioner writes a piece called Machine gun Mind: Discovering Inner peace.

The articles are all (?) related in some way to the Gita or at least hang on the theme of the Gita. When I heard this was the idea for the issue I was afraid it would be a "We love the Gita" issue but rather the magazine engages with the Gita, challenges it, the only way to approach such a problematic text. 

The Gita raises more questions than it answers. I still find it inexcusable in it's central premise, that Arjuna lays down his arms refusing to kill, friends and family but is persuaded to pick them up again by Krishna.... because it's his duty (Today is the 100th anniversary of The battle of Somme where a million died). No allegorical argument overcomes this sufficiently for me but oh the poetry, the cadence, I can forgive it everything.



I still haven't worked out how Tom's recipe for Broth relates to the Gita other than perhaps Krishna had a flask of it in the chariot to cheer up Arjuna.

Tom includes wakame in his broth, interesting.


Ganesha across from Socrates
I've only scratched the surface, I haven't mentioned the article on the Gunas by Zoe Slatoff-Ponte, I need to read it again (see my review post on her book Learn Sanskrit with Zoë Slatoff-Ponté's Yogavataranam - The Translation of yoga).

Shamila Desai (author of Yoga Sadhana for Mothers)has an article on Raising conscious children that I haven't read yet and I would want to read more closely the longer pieces by Mike Burley ( The Many faces of the Bhagavad Gita) and Ruth Westoby (Sacrificing ourselves).

Note to self: I was sent a copy of Shamilla Desai's Yoga Sadhana for Mothers to review a while back. I never did review it. 

As with the first edition, along with shorter pithy pieces there are nice length articles in the magazines that will welcome second and third reading. 

I hope it runs to twelve editions at least.


Links

Pushpam Magazine
Pushpam is a quarterly (or so) yoga magazine. It is published by Hamish Hendry of Astanga Yoga London. Focusing on yoga beyond asana, regular contributors include Sharath Jois, Hamish Hendry, certified Astanga teachers, academics and practitioners from around the world.

available for order online and in UK, India (KPJAYI), US and Australia 
and Europe ( or at least it was until my countrymen and women shot themselves in the foot and voted to leave the EU)
http://www.pushpam.co.uk/


Pushpam magazine on facebook
https://www.facebook.com/pushpamyoga/


AYL Ashtanga Yoga London
http://astangayogalondon.com/news/pushpam-a-yoga-magazine-for-here-and-now/


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The Gita and I have history. I put up a couple of posts on the 'original' Gita back in Sept 2011, Phulgenfa Sinhas's theory that much of the Gita, the theistic aspect, was added after 800AD in response to the Monotheisms that was making inroads to India at the time. Sinha decimates the Gita, reducing it down to pretty much the first three chapters.

You'd think that would put me into Krishna's bad graces but in feb 2012 this happened. I got home from work and for some bizarre reason my copy of the Gita had somehow popped out of my bookcase and was laying on the floor near my mat, inexplicable.


This is the Juan Mascaro penguin translation, my personal favourite just because I find it the most beautiful no doubt because Mascaro introduces something of the cadence of the King James Bible.

see also

See also
A highly readable Sankara treatment of the Gita

Realization of the Supreme Self: The Bhagavad Gita Yoga-s Paperback – January 1, 2002
by Trevor Leggett

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3. Videos: The Gita section from Petter Brooks Mahabharata
Peter Brooks Mahabharata on Youtube

And here are two clips from the marvellous Peter Brook movie version of his production of the Mahabarata, here's the Gita section, gets me every time.


I have the best memory of sneaking into one of the classrooms at LMU on Ramaswami's Vinyasa Krama TT to watch all three DVDs

I strongly recommend buying the DVD but if you mind it difficult to get hold of here so here it is on Youtube.




Appendix- The original Gita?
from an earlier blog post  13 Sept 2011
http://grimmly2007.blogspot.jp/2011/09/phulgenda-sinhas-gita-as-it-was.html

The Gita Code : Phulgenda Sinha's 'The Gita as it was'

Phulgenda Sinha pretty much decimates the Bhagavad Gita, cutting it down from 700 verses to just 84.  Patanjali's Yoga Sutra is similarly culled, from the 195 verses we know and love to  83. The Samkhy Karika loses 13 verses.

Sinha writes of the Samkha

'These interpolations are so evident that they should have been noticed by the many scholars who have written on Samkhy philosophy. Most interestingly, these interpolations betray themselves when Samkhy-karika is referred to as the shasti-tantra ( the science of sixty verses). Our suspicions are immediately aroused seeing that there are 73 verses, 13 too many' p121

Attempting to identify the original versions of these texts is not new. It's not so much a question of IF verses have been interpolated but rather WHICH verses, HOW MANY and WHY.

Sinha claims that what distinguishes his approach is that he is considering these texts together, rather than in isolation and out of their historical context. He argues that the Yoga Sutra is based on Samkhya philosophy and so cuts away anything not in keeping with that philosophy. The Gita, in turn, is based on Samkhy and Yoga and gets cut accordingly.

The argument
'(i)     The basis of yoga as a discipline and as a system is known as Samkhya Darshan ( Samkhya philosophy).  This philosophy was established by Kapila, who lived about 700 B. C. 

(ii)     Though yoga was practiced during the period of Harappa and Mohenjodaro civilisation (generally dated 3000 B.C), we do not have any deciphered writing on Yoga from that period. The first known and comprehensively discussed book on the Yoga is Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, dated about 400 B.C. In yoga Sutra, Patanjali accepted everything taught by Kapila in his Samkhya Philosophy, and added more to make a comprehensive system for achieving a healthy, happy and creative life.

(iii)     Yoga reached it's highest and most glorious stage in the work of Vyasa in about 400 B.C. Vyasa wrote the Gita by incorporating all the basic theories and concepts of Kapila and Patanjali and by adding much original thought of his own. Thus by 400 B.C. India as a civilisation had produced a matchless philosophical work presented in the simple form of song, telling how dukha (sorrow) can be eliminated and how sukha (happiness) in life can be achieved. This philosophical work was the Gita.

(iv)     In the post vedic period, up to 800 A.D., the thinkers and writers of India were men of a rational outlook. They did not accept the idea of a single, almighty deity. A close study of all the available records indicates that theistic concepts were non-existent in India prior to about 800 A.D. 

(v)     In a surprising way, the thought pattern of India changed after 800 A.D. Monotheism made sudden inroads into India.' p. xvi

Conspiracy 
Now this is were the book at times sounds like a classic conspiracy theory novel.

Sinha argues that India became more exposed to monotheism through some Christian colonies, trade relations with Alexandria particularly in the south of India and in 711 A.D. the arrival of Islam in Sindh, one of the four provinces of present day Pakistan. 

However it was the revival of Brahmanism.  and the Brahmin acceptance of Monotheism that ultimately resulted in the rewriting of the Gita, Samkhy karika and Yoga Sutra.  

'Brhamins accepted monotheism and began interpreting the whole history of India, from Vedas to Upanishads, in a completely new way'. p 93

Shankaracharya, in particular, is named and shamed.

'Shankaracharya was the first Indian to openly accept, propagate and expound the concept of monotheism as a part of Hindu religion' p95

'India after 800 A.D. adopted quite a different outlook. the ideas proposed by writers and commentators were now mostly matters of belief and faith, coloured by religion, mysticism, and caste. Not Man but God was held to be supreme. Man could do only what was predestined by God. there was a Heaven and hell. man possessed a soul which did not die but was reincarnated according to past and present deeds. The brahmans were superior to all castes and the word brhamin was synonymous with Brahma ( one of the post-vedic gods) and all the divinities. Indian thought in this period bore certain resemblances to to the teachings of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.' p. xvi

The Consequences for yoga

'In answer to a question raised by Arjuna as to who are better versed in yoga. Krishna says: 

"Those who fix their mind on me, worship me, with highest faith are the best in yoga in my opinion" (XII,2)

"If you are unable to fix your mind on me, then seek to reach me by constant practice of Yoga, o Arjuna" (XII, 9)

" But, if you are unable to do even this, then, seek union with me and renounce the fruits of all actions while controlling your mind " (XII,11)

There is little wonder then that yoga could no longer remain a secular system. It could neither become popular with the masses not be taught in the academic institutions of India - until recently. Yoga became a system of practice mixed with religious, spiritual and cultic values, and it remained confined to ashrams (centres dedicated to religious values and practices). 

The cult of guruism developed. Those learning and practicing Yoga in the ashrams became disciples of the guru (master of the centre) and worked as devout followers of the cult. being cultic, it thrived on secrecy, mysticism, rituals, superstitions and devotion. yoga became sectarian." p 114

What Sinha is really concerned with is the future of India. He is basically arguing that India took a wrong turn around 800AD, from rationalism to spiritualism and that this is why India has, despite it's wealth of resources, lagged behind other societies and civilisations ever since. A rediscovery of India's rationalist roots he seems to believe will revitalise India.

This is a highly readable textual study, at times it reads like a novel with good guys and bad guys, conspiracies galore. It's almost an Indian Da Vinci code. It had me running to google and the library to try and check facts and sources. He wears his motives on his sleeve a little too much for my liking, but they are noble motives. I don't think I swallow half of his story but then you don't have to.

The only thing to decide is if the Gita and the Yoga Sutra changed dramatically to incorporate monotheism or not.

The book is out of print but there are some used copies floating around Amazon. Get a copy while you still can and decide for yourself.

Below are my earlier posts with Sinha's 'original' Yoga Sutra ( the text in the post are the same verses but from an online source, not Sinha's translation) as well as the verses that get left out.

The original Yoga Sutra of Patanjali

and here's the my earlier post on the Gita ( again not Sinha's translation).

The Original Gita. No Surrender! ( Updated with the original Gita? )

Of course if you do manage to eliminate spiritualism and mysticism from the Gita and Yoga Sutra your left with Samkhya, dualism. A case of out of the frying pan and back into the proverbial fire.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

And one possible response 

UPDATE
So here it is, the supposed original Bhagavad Gita


Ch. I 28-34,37,40, 46-47.
Ch. II 3, 11-31, 34-36, 39-41, 48, 50, 53, 56-58, 60, 64-70.
Ch. III 1-9, 16-21, 23-29, 32-35, 38-40, 42-43.


Bhagavad gita, as it was?
Sinha's verses outlined above taken from the online edition HERE ( but remember this is not Sinha's own translation, still waiting for his book to arrive, this should give us a general idea however).

Chapter 1

 28.
Arjuna was overcome with great compassion 

And sorrowfully said: 

O Krishna, seeing my kinsmen standing

With a desire to fight,

 29. 

My limbs fail and my mouth becomes dry.
My body quivers 

And my hairs stand on end.

 30. 

The bow, Gaandeeva, slips from my hand
And my skin intensely burns. 

My head turns,
I am unable to stand steady 


 31. 

And, O Krishna,
I see bad omens. 

I see no use of killing my kinsmen in battle.

 32
I desire neither victory 

Nor pleasure nor kingdom,
O Krishna.
 What is the use of the kingdom,
Or enjoyment, or even life, O Krishna?

 33
Because all those, for whom we desire kingdom,
Enjoyments, and pleasures,
Are standing here for the battle,

Giving up their lives and wealth.

  34

Teachers, uncles, sons, grandfathers,

Maternal uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons,

Brothers-in-law, and other relatives.

 37.
Therefore, we should not kill our brothers,

The sons of Dhritaraashtra. 

How can we be happy 

After killing our kinsmen, O Krishna?

 40. 
With the destruction of the family, 

The eternal family traditions are destroyed,

And immorality prevails 

Due to the destruction of family traditions.

 46.
It would be far better for me 

If the sons of Dhritaraashtra should kill me

With their weapons in battle 

While I am unarmed and unresisting.

 47. 
Sanjaya said: 
Having said this in the battle field

And casting aside his bow and arrow, 

Arjuna sat down on the seat of the chariot

with his mind overwhelmed with sorrow.

Chapter II

 3.
Do not become a coward, O Arjuna,

Because it does not befit you. 

Shake off this weakness of your heart

And get up (for the battle), O Arjuna.

 11.
Krishna said: 
You grieve for those who are not worthy of grief,

And yet speak the words of wisdom.

The wise grieve neither

For the living nor for the dead.

 12. 

There was never a time when I, you,

Or these kings did not exist;
Nor shall we ever cease to exist in the future.

 13. 

Just as the Atma acquires a childhood body,
A youth body, and an old age body during this life,

Similarly Atma acquires another body after death.

The wise are not deluded by this.

 14.
The contacts of the senses with the sense objects

Give rise to the feelings of heat and cold,

And pain and pleasure.
They are transitory and impermanent.

Therefore, endure them, O Arjuna.

 15. 

Because the calm person,

Who is not afflicted by these feelings

And is steady in pain and pleasure,

Becomes fit for immortality, O Arjuna.

 16.
There is no nonexistence of the Sat 
And no existence of the Asat.

The reality of these two
Is indeed certainly seen by the seers of truth.

 17.
Know That, by which all this is pervaded,

To be indestructible.

No one can destroy the indestructible.

 18. 

Bodies of the eternal, imperishable,

And incomprehensible soul

Are said to be perishable.

Therefore, fight, O Arjuna.

 19. 

The one who thinks that Atma is a slayer,

And the one who thinks that Atma is slain,

Both are ignorant,

Because Atma neither slays nor is slain.

 20.    

The Atma is neither born

Nor does it die at any time,

nor having been it will cease to exist again.
I
t is unborn, eternal, permanent, and primeval.

The Atma is not destroyed when the body is destroyed.

 21.    

O Arjuna, how can a person

Who knows that the Atma is indestructible, eternal,

Unborn, and imperishable,

kill anyone or cause anyone to be killed?

 22.   

Just as a person puts on new garments

After discarding the old ones,
Similarly Atma acquires new bodies

After casting away the old bodies.

 23. 

Weapons do not cut this Atma,

Fire does not burn it,

Water does not make it wet,

And the wind does not make it dry.

 24. 

This Atma cannot be cut, burned, wetted, or dried up.
It is eternal, all pervading,

Unchanging, immovable, and primeval.

 25. 

The Atma is said to be unmanifest,

Unthinkable, and unchanging.

Knowing this Atma as such you should not grieve.

 26. 

If you think that this (body) takes birth

And dies perpetually, even then, O Arjuna,

You should not grieve like this.

 27. 

Because, death is certain for the one who is born,

And birth is certain for the one who dies.

Therefore, you should not lament over the inevitable.

 28. 

All beings, O Arjuna, are unmanifest
Before birth and after death.
They are manifest between birth and death only.

What is there to grieve about?

 29.
Some look upon this Atma as a wonder,

Another describes it as wonderful,
And others hear of it as a wonder.

Even after hearing about it no one actually knows it.

 30 

O Arjuna, the Atma that dwells in the body of all (beings)

Is eternally indestructible.

Therefore, you should not mourn for any body.

 31.
Considering also your duty as a warrior

You should not waver.
Because there is nothing more auspicious

For a warrior than a righteous war.

 34.
People will talk about your disgrace forever. 

To the honored, dishonor is worse than death.

 35. 

The great warriors will think

That you have retreated from the battle out of fear.

Those who have greatly esteemed you

Will lose respect for you.

 36. 

Your enemies will speak many unmentionable words
And scorn your ability.

What could be more painful than this?

 39. 

The wisdom of Saamkhya

Has been imparted to you, O Arjuna.
Now listen to the wisdom of Karma-yoga

Endowed with which you will free yourself

From the bondage of Karma.

 40.
In Karma-yoga no effort is ever lost,

And there is no harm.

Even a little practice of this discipline
Protects one from great fear.

 41. 

Those who are resolute

Have only one thought (of Self-realization),

But the thoughts of the irresolute

Are endless and many-branched, O Arjuna.

 48
Do your duty to the best of your ability, O Arjuna,
With your mind attached to the Lord,
Abandoning (worry and) attachment to the results,
And remaining calm in both success and failure.
The equanimity of mind is called Karma-yoga.

 50
A Karma-yogi gets freedom
From both vice and virtue in this life itself.
Therefore, strive for Karma-yoga.
Working to the best of one's abilities
Without getting attached to the fruits of work
Is called (Nishkaama) Karma-yoga.

 53.
When your intellect,
That is confused by the conflicting opinions
And the ritualistic doctrine of the Vedas,
Shall stay steady and firm with the Self,
Then you shall attain Self-realization.

 56.
A person whose mind is unperturbed by sorrow,
Who does not crave pleasures, and who is free
From attachment, fear, and anger;
Such a person is called a sage of steady Prajna.

 57.
Those who are not attached to anything,
Who are neither elated by getting desired results
Nor troubled by undesired results,
Their Prajna is deemed steady.

 58.
When one can completely withdraw
The senses from the sense objects
As a tortoise withdraws its limbs,
Then the Prajna of such a person
Is considered steady.

 60.
Restless senses, O Arjuna,
Forcibly carry away the mind
Of even a wise person
Striving for perfection.

 64.
A disciplined person, enjoying sense objects
With senses that are under control
And free from likes and dislikes,
Attains tranquillity.

 65.
All sorrows are destroyed
Upon attainment of tranquillity.
The intellect of such a tranquil person
Soon becomes completely steady.

 66.
There is neither Self-knowledge nor Self-perception
To those whose senses are not under control.
Without Self-perception there is no peace;
And without peace there can be no happiness.

 67.
The mind, when controlled by the roving senses,
Steals away the Prajna as a storm takes away a boat
On the sea from its destination, the spiritual shore.

 68.
Therefore, O Arjuna,
One's Prajna becomes steady
Whose senses are completely withdrawn
From the sense objects.

 69.
A yogi is aware of the thing (or Atma)
About which others are unaware.
A sage who sees is unaware
Of the experience (of sense objects)
About which others are aware.

 70.
One attains peace in whose mind
All desires enter without creating any disturbance,
As river waters enter the full ocean
Without creating a disturbance.
One who desires material objects is never peaceful.

Chapter III

 1.
Arjuna said:
If You consider that transcendental knowledge
is better than work
Then why do You want me to engage
in this horrible war, O Krishna?

 2.
You seem to confuse my mind by apparently conflicting words.
Tell me, decisively, one thing by which I may attain the Supreme.

 3.
Krishna said:
In this world, O Arjuna, a twofold path of Sadhana has been stated by Me in the past.
The path of Self-knowledge (Jnana-yoga) for the contemplative,
And the path of unselfish work (Karma-yoga) for the active.

 4.
One does not attain freedom from the bondage of Karma
by merely abstaining from work.
No one attains perfection by merely giving up work.

 5.
Because no one can remain actionless even for a moment.
Everyone is driven to action, helplessly indeed,
by the Gunas of nature.

 6.
The deluded ones, who restrain their organs of action
but mentally dwell upon the sense enjoyment,
are called hypocrites.

 7.
The one who controls the senses by the mind and intellect,
and engages the organs of action to Nishkaama Karma-yoga,
is superior, O Arjuna.

 8.
Perform your obligatory duty,
because action is indeed better than inaction.
Even the maintenance of your body
would not be possible by inaction.

 9.
Human beings are bound by Karma
other than those done as Yajna (sacrifice).
Therefore, O Arjuna, do your duty efficiently
as a service or Seva to Me,
free from attachment to the fruits of work.

         16.
The one who does not help to keep the wheel of creation
in motion by sacrificial duty, and who rejoices in sense pleasures,
that sinful person lives in vain, O Arjuna.

  17.
The one who rejoices in the Self only,
who is satisfied with the Self,
who is content in the Self alone,
for such a (Self-realized) person there is no duty.

  18.
Such a person has no interest, whatsoever,
in what is done or what is not done.
A Self-realized person does not depend on anybody for anything.

  19.
Therefore, always perform your duty efficiently
and without attachment to the results,
because by doing work without attachment one attains the Supreme.

  20.
King Janaka and others attained perfection
by Karma-yoga alone.
You should perform your duty with a view to guide people
and for the universal welfare (of the society).

  21.
Because, whatever noble persons do, others follow.
Whatever standard they set up, the world follows.

  23.
Because, if I do not engage in action relentlessly,
O Arjuna, people would follow My path in every way.

  24.
These worlds would perish if I do not work,
and I shall be the cause of confusion and
destruction of all these people.

  25.
As the ignorant work, O Arjuna,
with attachment (to the fruits of work),
so the wise should work without attachment,
for the welfare of the society.

  26.
The wise should not unsettle the mind of the ignorant
who is attached to the fruits of work,
but the enlightened one should inspire others
by performing all works efficiently without attachment.

  27.
All works are being done by the Gunas of nature,
but due to delusion of ego
people assume themselves to be the doer.

  28.
The one who knows the truth, O Arjuna,
about the role of Guna and action
does not get attached to the work,
knowing that it is the Gunas that work
with their instruments, the organs.

  29.
Those who are deluded by the Gunas of nature
get attached to the works of the Gunas.
The wise should not disturb the mind of the ignorant
whose knowledge is imperfect.

  32.
But, those who carp at My teaching and do not practice it,
consider them as ignorant of all knowledge, senseless, and lost.

  33.
All beings follow their nature.
Even the wise act according to their own nature.
What, then, is the value of sense restraint?

  34.
Raga and Dvesha (or the attachments and aversions)
for the sense objects remain in the senses.
One should not come under the control of these two,
because they are two stumbling blocks, indeed,
on one's path of Self-realization.

  35.
One's inferior natural work is better
than superior unnatural work.
Death in carrying out one's natural work is useful.
Unnatural work produces too much stress.

  38.
Kama, the passionate desire
for all sensual and material pleasures,
becomes anger if it is unfulfilled. As the fire is covered by smoke, as a mirror by dust, and as an embryo by the amnion,
similarly the Self-knowledge gets obscured by Kama.

  39.
O Arjuna, Jnana gets covered by this insatiable fire of Kaama,
the eternal enemy of Jnani.

  40.
The senses, the mind, and the intellect
are said to be the seat of Kaama.
Kama, with the help of the senses,
deludes a person by veiling Jnana.

  42.
The senses are said to be superior,
the mind is superior to the senses,
the intellect is superior to the mind,
and Atma is superior to the intellect.

  43.
Thus, knowing the Atma to be superior to the intellect,
and controlling the mind by the intellect,
one must kill this mighty enemy, Kama, O Arjuna.
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ravi
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